The image posted above is Andrea Mantegna's Christus am Ölberg im Garten Gethsemane (The Agony in the Garden, 1455). Examining the painting, we see that the artist employed several techniques to create a sense of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. As an example, the foreground contains several warm shades of pink and salmon, while the background (particularly the sky) is a deep shade of grayish-blue. Andrea Mantegna also uses shading to create perspective - this is specifically seen in the folds of the draped clothing. As an additional example, objects and people present in the foreground are much larger than those present in the background. This visual effect creates a sense of space - the viewer's brain interprets the larger people as being closer and the smaller people as being farther away. Finally, all orthogonals tend to converge at the center of the mountain in the background, once again creating a sense of three-dimensional space.
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